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Please note in 2019 Susan J Astley's name changed to Susan J. (Astley) Hemingway.

1. Aase JM, Jones KL, Clarren SK. (1995)
   Do we need the term "FAE"? Pediatrics, 1995;95:428-430. (Copyright Am Acad of Ped).
   
   
   
2. Alaska Mental Health Authority. Alaska FASD Diagnostic Team Data Analysis, Policy & Prevention Recommendations. July 2020 (2,933 diagnoses statewide from 1999-2020 by 12 interdisciplinary FASD diagnostic teams using the FASD 4-Digit Code).
   
   
   
3. Ali S, Kerns KA, Mulligan BP, Olson HC, Astley SJ. (2017)
   An investigation of intra-individual variability in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Child Neuropsychology, DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2017.1302579.
   
   
   
4. Astley SJ (1990)
   Facial alterations associated with alcohol, marijuana and cocaine in 80 children assessed by photoanalysis and landmark digitization. Doctoral Disseration, Depart. Epidemiology. University of Washington, Seattle WA. Committee: Daling J, Clarren SK, Sampson P, Kepsell TD.
   
   
5. (Astley) Hemingway SJ (2024)
   Diagnostic Guide for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. The 4-Digit Diagnostic Code. 4th edition, v.1.00. University of Washington, Seattle WA USA.
   
   
   
6. (Astley) Hemingway SJ (2020)
   FASD: From Discovery to Prevention. Video of Dr. Hemingway speaking at the inaugural conference of the FASD Institute of Poland, October, 2020.
   
   
   
7. (Astley) Hemingway SJ (2020)
   High facial specificity and positive predictive value are required to diagnose fetal alcohol syndrome when prenatal alcohol exposure is unknown. Advances in Pediatric Research 7:44. doi: 10.35248/2385-4529.20.7.44
   
   
   
8. Astley SJ (2018)
   Far More U.S. Children than Previously Thought May have Fetal Alcohol Disorders
   (Pam Belluck, Health, New York Times Feb 6, 2018). A study entitled (Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in 4 US Communities, (May et al, 2018) suggests FASD among American children is at least as common as autism. But major limitations in the study design simultaneously over- and under-estimate the prevalence of FASD, rendering the results, for the most part, uninterpretable.
   
   
   
9. Astley SJ (2018)
   Smoking pot while pregnant is not a good idea. The Seattle Times OpEd. May 1, 2018. Based on Astley and Little's 1990 published study on the adverse impacts of maternal marijuana use during breastfeeding on infant development.
   
   
   
10. Astley SJ (2016)
    Letter to the Editor regarding Coles, Gailey, Mulle, Kable, Lynch, and Jones (2016): A comparison among 5 methods for the clinical diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. 9 Nov 2016 / DOI:10.1111/acer.13268. (Copyright: ACER).
    
    
    
11. Astley SJ. (2015)
    Palpebral fissure length measurement: Accuracy of the FAS Facial Photographic Analysis Software and Inaccuracy of the Ruler. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol Vol 22(1):e9-e26: January 2, 2015. (Copyright Canadian Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Therepeutics)
    
    
    
    
12. Astley SJ. (2014)
    Invited commentary on Australian fetal alcohol spectrum disorder diagnostic guidelines. BMC Pediatrics 14:85 doi:10.1186/1471-2431-14-85.
    
    
    
    
13. Astley SJ. (2014)
    Twenty years of patient surveys confirm a FASD 4-Digit-Code interdisciplinary diagnosis afforded substantial access to interventions that met patients' needs. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol Vol 21 (1):e81-e105; March 6, 2014. (Copyright Canadian Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Therepeutics). Please note this same publication is listed incorrectly under the title "The value of a FASD diagnosis" (2013). The title above "Twenty years...." is the correct title published in 2014.
    
    
    
14. Astley SJ (2013)
    The Conventional Pregnancy Wisdom is Right - Do NOT Drink While Pregnant.
    Dr. Astley's response to Emily Oster's book entitled "Expecting Better. Why the Conventional Pregnancy Wisdom is Wrong - and What you Really Need to Know" Penguin Books 2013. In Emily's view (as an economist) there is no good scientific evidence that light drinking negatively impacts the fetus. Prenant women can be comfortable with "1 to 2 drinks a week in the first trimester" and one drink daily afterward, she writes.
    See also ABC's video titled "To Drink or Not to Drink. Alcohol and Pregnancy".
    
    
    
15. Astley SJ. (2013)
    Validation of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) 4-Digit Diagnostic Code. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol Vol 20(3):e416-467;November 15, 2013. (Copyright Canadian Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Therepeutics) (narrated powerpoint presentation pdf)
    
    
    
    
16. Astley SJ. (2011)
    Canadian palpebral fissure length growth charts reflect a good fit for two school and FASD clinic-based U.S. populations. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol Vol 18 (2):e231-e241; April 8, 2011. (Copyright Canadian Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Therepeutics)
    
    
    
17. Astley SJ. (2011)
    Diagnosing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). In: Adubato SA and Cohen DE (eds.) Prenatal Alcohol Use and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Diagnosis, Assessment and New Directions in Research and Multimodal Treatment, Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. Bentham eBooks, pp 3-29. (submitted August, 2009).
    
    
    
18. Astley SJ. (2010)
    Profile of the first 1,400 patients receiving diagnostic evaluations for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder at the Washington State Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Diagnostic & Prevention Network. Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Vol 17 (1) Winter 2010:e132-e164:March 26, 2010. (Copyright Canadian Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Therepeutics).
    
    
19. Astley SJ. (2006)
    Comparison of the 4-Digit Diagnostic Code and the Hoyme Diagnostic Guidelines for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Pediatrics 2006;118(4):1532-1545. (Copyright: Pediatrics, Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics)
    
    
20. Astley SJ. (2014)
    Reply to "Response to criticisms raised by Astley to clarifications of the IOM diagnostic criteria for FASD".
    
    
    
21. Astley SJ. (2004)
    Diagnostic Guide for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: The 4-Digit Diagnostic Code, 3rd edition. University of Washington Publication Services, Seattle WA.
    
    
    
22. Astley SJ. (2004)
    Fetal alcohol syndrome prevention in Washington State: Evidence of success.
    Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 2004;18:344-351. (Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 145 KB). Video presentation by Susan Astley Hemingway in Poland 2020
    
    
    
23. Astley SJ, Aylward E, Brooks A, Carmichael Olson H, Coggins T, Davies J, Dorn S, Gendler B, Jirikowic T, Kerns K, Kraegel P, Maravilla K, Richards T. (2006)
    Associations between brain structure, chemistry, and function as assessed by MRI, MRS, fMRI, and neuropsychological testing among children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). [Abstract] Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research 2006; 30(6):229A. (Copyright Am. Med. Soc. on Alcoholism and the Research Society on Alcoholism).
    
    
    
24. Astley SJ, Aylward E, Olson HC, Kerns K, Brooks A, Coggins T, Davies J, Dorn S, Gendler B, Jirikowic T, Kraegel P, Maravilla K, Richards T. (2009)
    Magnetic resonance imaging outcomes from a comprehensive magnetic resonance study of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res. 2009;33(10):1-19. (Copyright Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research) .
    
    
    
25. Astley SJ, Aylward E, Olson HC, Kerns K, Brooks A, Coggins T, Davies J, Dorn S, Gendler B, Jirikowic T, Kraegel P, Maravilla K, Richards T. (2009)
    Functional magnetic resonance imaging outcomes from a comprehensive magnetic resonance study of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Journal Neurodevelopmental Disorders 2009;1:61-80. (Copyright J Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
    
    
    
26. Astley SJ, Bailey D, Talbot T, Clarren SK. (1998).
    Primary prevention of FAS: targeting women at high risk through the FAS Diagnostic and Prevention Network [Abstract]. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 1998;22:104A. (Copyright Am. Med. Soc. on Alcoholism and the Research Society on Alcoholism).
    
    
    
27. Astley SJ, Bailey D, Talbot T, Clarren SK. (2000)
    Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) primary prevention through FAS diagnosis: I. Identification of high-risk birth mothers through the diagnosis of their children. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 2000;35 (5):499-508. (Copyright Medical Council on Alcoholism).
    
    
    
28. Astley SJ, Bailey D, Talbot T, Clarren SK.(2000)
    Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) primary prevention through FAS diagnosis: II. A comprehensive profile of 80 birth mothers of children with FAS.
    Alcohol & Alcoholism, 2000;35 (5):509-519. (Copyright Medical Council on Alcoholism).
    
    
    
29. (Astley) Hemingway SJ, Baldwin M, Pierce-Bulger M. (2023)
    Washington and Alaska statewide FASD diagnostic clinical networks: Comparison of three decades of 4-Digit Code diagnostic outcomes and prenatal alcohol exposure histories. Advances in Pediatric Research 10:072. doi: 10.35248/2385-4529.23.10.072. Pubmed free access
    
    
    
30. Astley Hemingway SJ, Bledsoe JM, Brooks A, Davies JK, Jirikowic T, Olson EM, Thorne JC. (2019)
    Comparison of the 4-Digit Code, Canadian 2015, Australian 2016 and Hoyme 2016 fetal alcohol spectrum disorder diagnostic guidelines. Advances in Pediatric Research 6:31. doi:10.35248/2385-4529.19.6.31 . Link to video for Figure 2C.
    
    
    
31. Astley SJ, Bledsoe JM, Davies JK (2016)
    The essential role of growth deficiency in the diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Advances in Pediatric Research 3:9.doi:10.12715/apr.2016.3.9. Pubmed public access.
    
    
    
32. Astley SJ, Bledsoe JM, Davies JK, Thorne JC. (2017)
    Comparison of the FASD 4-Digit Code and Hoyme et al. 2016 FASD diagnostic guidelines. Advances in Pediatric Research 4:13 doi:10.12715/apr.2017.4.13. PubMed open access publication.
    Video link for Figure 2C.
    
    
    
33. Astley Hemingway SJ, Bledsoe JM, Davies JK, Brooks A, Jirikowic T, Olson EM, Thorne JC. (2019)
    Twin study confirms virtually identical prenatal alcohol exposures can lead to markedly different fetal alcohol spectrum disorder outcomes - fetal genetics influences fetal vulnerability. Advances in Pediatric Research 5:23. doi:10.24105/apr.2019.5.23.
    Press Release
    
    
    
34. Astley SJ, Clarren SK. (1995)
    A fetal alcohol syndrome screening tool. ACER, 1995:19(6):1565-1571. (Copyright Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research).
    
    
35. Astley SJ, Clarren SK.(1996)
    A case definition and photographic screening tool for the facial phenotype of fetal alcohol syndrome. Journal of Pediatrics, 1996;129:33-41. (Copyright Moseby-Yearbook, Inc.).
    
    
    
36. Astley SJ, Clarren SK.(1999)
    Diagnostic Guide for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Related Conditions: The 4-Digit Diagnostic Code, 2nd edition. University of Washington Publication Services, Seattle, WA.
    (Copyright University of Washington). **This publication is posted for historical purposes only. For current diagnosis of FASD the 2004 edition of the 4-Digit Diagnostic Code should be used.
    
    
    
37. Astley SJ, Clarren SK. (2000)
    Diagnosing the full spectrum of fetal alcohol exposed individuals: Introducing the 4-Digit Diagnostic Code. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 2000;35 (4): 400-410.
    (Copyright Medical Council on Alcoholism).
    
    
    
38. Astley SJ, Clarren SK. (2001)
    Measuring the facial phenotype of individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure: Correlations with brain dysfunction. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 2001;36(2):147-159.
    (Copyright Medical Council on Alcoholism,325 KB).
    
    
    
    
39. Astley SJ, Clarren SK, Little RE, Sampson PD, Daling JR. (1992)
    Analysis of facial shape in children gestationally exposed to marijuana, alcohol, and/or cocaine. Pediatrics, 1992;89:67-77.(Copyright: Pediatrics, Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics).
    
    
    
40. Astley Hemingway SJ, Davies JK, Jirikowic T, Olson EM. (2020)
    What proportion of the brain structural and functional abnormalities observed among children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is explained by their prenatal alcohol exposure and their other prenatal and postnatal risks? Advances in Pediatric Research 7:41. doi:10.35248/2385-4529.20.7.41. (copyright Longdom.org) Pubmed open access.
    
    
    
41. Astley SJ, Grant T (2012)
    Another perspective on 'The effect of different drinking patterns in early to mid pregnancy on the child's intelligence, attention, and executive function'. Letter to the Editor, BJOG 2012;1672, DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12008 (copyright RCOG).
    
    
    
42. Astley SJ, Grant TM and WA FASD Interagency Workgroup (2014)
    Recommendations from the Washington State Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) Interagency Work Group. Report submitted to the WA State Legislature, Dec 2014 in response to House Bill 2737 "Concerning Fetal Alcohol Exposure". (Astley testimony to the Washington State Early Learning & Human Services Committee meeting on February 13, 2015, chaired by Rep. Ruth Kagi.
    
    
    
43. Astley SJ, Little RE. (1990) (2018)
    Maternal marijuana use during lactation and infant development at one year. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 1990;12:161-168. (Copyright Pergamon Press, Elsevier, 957 KB)
    1990 study referenced in Seattle Times Nov 20, 2018 "Something wasn't clicking: WS study shows offspring of pregnant rats exposed to THC have impaired development".
    
    
    
44. Astley SJ, Magnuson SI, Omnell LM, Clarren SK. (1999)
    Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Changes in Craniofacial Form With Age, Cognition, and Timing of Ethanol Exposure in the Macaque. Teratology 1999;59:163-172.
    (Copyright John Wiley & Sons, Inc.).
    
    
    
45. Astley SJ, Olson HC, Kerns K, Brooks A, Aylward E, Coggins T, Davies J, Dorn S, Gendler B, Jirikowic T, Kraegel P, Maravilla K, Richards T. (2009)
    Neuropsychological and behavioral outcomes from a comprehensive magnetic resonance study of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Vol 16 (1) Winter 2009:e178-e201;March 27, 2009. (Copyright Canadian Society of Pharmacology and Therepeutics)
    
    
    
46. Astley SJ, Richards T, Aylward E, Olson HC, Kerns K, Brooks A, Coggins T, Davies J, Dorn S, Gendler B, Jirikowic T, Kraegel P, Maravilla K. (2009)
    Magnetic resonance spectroscopy outcomes from a comprehensive magnetic resonance study of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2009;27:760-778. (Copyright Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
    
    
    
47. Astley SJ, Stachowiak J, Clarren SK, Clausen C. (2002)
    Application of the fetal alcohol syndrome facial photographic screening tool in a foster care population. Journal of Pediatrics, 2002;141(5):712-7. (Copyright Elsevier Science).
    
    
    
48. Astley SJ, Weinberger E, Shaw DW, Richards TL, Clarren SK. (1995)
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy in Fetal Ethanol Exposed Macaca nemestrina. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 1995;17:523-530.
    (Copyright Elsevier Science).
    
    
    
49. Bertrand J. (2009)
    (Research Consortium Authors include: Heather Carmichaeal Olson and Susan Astley). Interventions for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs): Overview of findings for five innovative research projects. Research in Developmental Disabilities 2009, doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2009.02.003 (Copyright Elsevier Ltd,).
    
    
    
50. Chen LM, Olson HC, Picciano JF, Starr JR, Owens J. (2012)
    Sleep problems in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. J of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2012;8(4):421-429. (Copyright American Academy of Sleep Medicine).
    
    
    
51. Clarren SK and Astley SJ. (1998)
    Identification of Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Opportunity for Referral of their Mothers for Primary Prevention - Washington, 1993-1997. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1998;47(40):860-864.
    
    
    
52. Clarren SK and Astley SJ (2004)
    Community Development of a FAS Diagnostic and Prevention Network Manual. University of Washington, Seattle WA (Describes how to engage the community in the development of an interdisciplinary FASD diagnostic team).
    
    
    
53. Clarren SGB, Olson HC, Beck S, Clarren SK, Astley SJ. (2004)
    FAS DPN Clinical Model Manual, University of Washington. (Describes the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Diagnostic & Prevention Network Interdisciplinary FASD Diagnostic model).
    
    
    
54. Clarren SK, Carmichael Olson H, Clarren SGB, Astley SJ. (2000)
    A Child with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. In Guralnick MJ (ed.), Interdisciplinary Clinical Assessment of Young Children with Developmental Disabilities. Baltimore, Maryland: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., 307-326. (Copyright Brookes Publishing).
    
    
    
    
55. Coggins TE, Friet T, Morgan T. (1998).
    Analysing narrative productions in older school-age children and adolescents with fetal alcohol syndrome: an experimental tool for clinical applications. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 1998;12(3):221-236. (Copyright Taylor & Francis Ltd).
    
    
    
56. Coggins TE, Timler GR, Olswang LB. (2007)
    A state of double jeopardy: Impact of prenatal alcohol exposure and adverse environments on the social communicative abilities of school-age children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools. 2007;38:117-127. (Copyright American Speech-Language Hearing Association).
    
    
    
57. Davies JK, Bledsoe JM. (2005)
    Prenatal alcohol and drug exposures in adoption. Pediatr Clin N Am. 2005;52:1369-93. (Copyright Elsevier Inc)
    
    
    
58. Forster K. (2016)
    Database helps diagnose and prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorders worldwide. CHDD Outlook 2016 Issue #4, Center on Human Development & Disability, University of Washington (copyright, CHDD).
    
    
    
59. Franklin L, Deitz J, Jirikowic T, Astley S. (2008)
    Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: problem behaviors and sensory processing. Am J Occupational Therapy 2008;62, 265-273. (Copyright:AOTA).
    
    
    
60. Iosub S, Fuchs M, Bingol N, Stone R, Gromisch D, Wasserman E. (1985)
    Palpebral fissure length in black and Hispanic children: Correlation with head circumference. Pediatrics 1985:75(2);318-320. (Copyright: Pediatrics, Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics)
    
    
    
61. Jirikowic T, Kartin D, Olson HC. (2008)
    Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A descriptive profile of adaptive function. Can J Occup Ther. 2008:75(4):238-248. (Copyright CAOT Publications Ace).
    
    
    
62. Jirikowic T, Carmichael-Olson H, Kartin D. (2008)
    Sensory processing, school peformance, and adaptive behavior among young school-aged children with FASD. Phys Occup Ther Ped 2008;28:117-136. (copyright informa healthcare).
    
    
    
63. Jirikowic T, McCoy S, Lubetzky-Vinlnai A, Price R, Coil M, Dartin D, Hsu L, Gendler B, Astley S. (2013)
    Sensory control of balance: A comparison of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders to children with typical development. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol, 20(3):e212-e228; September 6, 2013 (Copyright Canadian Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Therepeutics).
    
    
    
64. Jirikowic T, Gelo J, Astley S (2010)
    Children and youth with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Summary of intervention recommendations after clinical diagnosis. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 2010;48(5):330-344. (Copyright Am Assoc Intellect Dev Disab.)
    
    
    
    
65. Jirikowic TL, Thorne JC, McLaughlin SA, Waddington T, Lee AKC, Astley Hemingway SJ. (2020)
    Prevalence and patterns of sensory processing behaviors in a large clinical sample of children with prenatal alcohol exposure. Research in Developmental Disabilities 100 (2020) 103617. (Copyright Elsevier Ltd https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103617)
    
    
    
    
66. Kesmodel US, Nygaard SS, Mortensen EL, Bertrand J, Denny C, Glidewell A, Astley Hemingway SJ (2019)
    Are Low-to-Moderate Average Alcohol Consumption and Isolated Episodes of Binge Drinking in Early Pregnancy Associated with Facial Features Related to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in 5-Year-Old Children? ACER 2019; 43(6):1199-1212 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14047 (Copyright Research Society of Alcoholim)
    
    
    
67. Kover S, Mattson J, Thorne J. (2020)
    Everyday executive function in children with fetal alcohol syndrome and autism spectrum disorder. Poster: 53rd Annual Gatlinburg Conference on Research and Theory in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. April 15-17, 2020. Kansas City Missouri.
    
    
    
68. McLaughlin SA, Thorne JC, Jirikowic T, Waddington T, Lee AKC, Astley Hemingway SJ. (2019)
    Listening difficulties in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: More than a problem with audibility. JSLHR. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_JSLHR-H-18-0359. (Copyright American Speech Language Hearing Association)
    
    
    
69. Miller MW, Astley SJ, Clarren SK. (1999)
    Number of axons in the corpus callosumof the mature Macaca Nemestrina: Increases caused by prenatal exposure to ethanol. J Comparative Neurology 1999;412:123-131. (Copyright Wiley Liss Inc).
    
    
    
70. Olson HC et al., (2005)
    FASDPN Psychometric and Behavior Observations Training Guide.
    
    
    
71. Olson HC, Feldman JJ, Streissguth AP, Sampson PD, Bookstein FL. (1998)
    Neuropsychological deficits in adolescents with fetal alcohol syndrome: clinical findings. 1998; Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998;22(9):1998-2012. (Copyright The Research Society on Alcoholism).
    
    
    
72. Olson HC, Gendler B, Kraegel P, Rosengren D, Clarren SK, Astley SJ. (1998)
    A Targeted Approach to FAS Prevention: The FAS DPN First Bridges Program. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2002. (Copyright The Research Society on Alcoholism).
    
    
    
    
73. Olson HC, Jirikowic T, Kartin D, Astley SJ. (2007)
    Responding to the challenge of early intervention for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Infants & Young Children, 2007;20(2);172-189. (Copyright Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)
    
    
    
    
74. Olson HC, Montague RA. (2011)
    An innovative look at early intervention for children affected by prenatal alcohol exposure In: Adubato SA and Cohen DE (eds.) Prenatal Alcohol Use and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Diagnosis, Assessment and New Directions in Research and Multimodal Treatment, Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. Bentham eBooks, pp 3-29.
    
    
    
75. Olson HC, Oti R, Gelo J, Beck S. (2009)
    Family matters. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and the family. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 2009;15:235-249. (Copyright John Wiley & Sons Inc)
    
    
    
76. Olswang LB, Coggins TE, Timler GR. (2001)
    Outcome Measures for School-Age Children with Social Communication Problems.
    Topics in Language Disorders, 2001;22(1):50-73.
    (Copyright Aspen Publishers, Inc.).
    
    
    
77. Olswang LB, Svensson L, Astley SJ. (2010)
    Observation of classroom social communication: Do children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders spend their time differently than their peers developing typically? J. Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 2010;53:1687-1703.
    (Copyright: Am. Speech-Language-Hearing Assoc.).
    
    
    
78. Pham LNH, Lee AKC, Estes A, Dager S, Hemingway SJA, Thorne JC, Lau BK. (2023) Comparing narrative storytelling ability in individuals with autism and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Journal of Language and Communicaion Disorders, 1-19, https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12964.
    
    
    
79. Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System PRAMS 1999 Surveillance Report.
    U.S. Dept. Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999
    (See pages 78-83).
    
    
    
80. Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. (2002)
    The Washington State Department of Health 1996-1998 Surveillance Report. Volume II. Tobacco Use and Infant Exposure to Cigarette Smoke, Alcohol Use and Illegal Drug Use.
    May 2002. (See Table 6.1 Trend of Alcohol Use During Pregnancy from 1994-1998. p.79).
    
    
    
81. Pruner M. ( 2021)
    Toward earlier identification and strenghths-based intervention for infants and toddlers with prenantal alcohol exposure: Evidence from the Washington State FAS Diagnostic & Prevention Network clincal database. Doctoral Dissertation, Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington.
    
    
    
82. Pruner M, Jirikowic T, Baylor C, Hemingway SJA. (2023)
    Concerns and Strengths: Caregiver perceptions of their infant/toddler with prenatal alcohol exposure. Children, 2023;10:544, https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030544.
    
    
    
83. Pruner M, Jirikowic T, Baylor C, Hemingway SJA. (2024)
    Developmental, sensory and behavioral outcomes among infants and toddlers with prenatal alcohol exposure. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 2024;146:104671.
    
    
    
84. Sheller B, Clarren SK, Astley SJ, Sampson PD. (1988)
    Morphometric analysis of macaca nemestrina exposed to ethanol during gestation. Teratology 1988;38;411-417 (copyright Alan R. Liss Inc)
    
    
    
85. Siebert JR, Astley SJ, Clarren SK. (1991)
    Holoprosencephaly in a fetal macaque (Macaca Nemestrina) following weekly exposure to ethanol. Teratology 1991;44:29-36. (copyright Wiley-Liss Inc).
    
    
    
86. Snelson CD. (2016)
    FASD primary prevention through FASD Diagnosis: Identification of high-risk birth mothers through the diagnosis of their chdilren. Follow-up Study. Master's Thesis, University of Washington, School of Public Health (Committee: Susan Astley PhD, Deborah Bowen.
    
    
    
87. Stromland K, Chen Y, Norberg T, Wennerstrom K, Michael G (1999)
    Reference values of facial features in scandinavian children measured with a range-camera technique. Scand J Plast Reconstr Hand Surg 1999;33:59-65. (copyright Scandinavian University Press).
    
    
    
88. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2014)
    Addressing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 58. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4803. Rockville, MD. 2014.
    
    
    
89. Timler GR, Olswang LB. (2001)
    Variable Structure/Variable Performance: Parent and Teacher Perspectives on a School-Age Child with FAS. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, Winter 2001;3(1):48-56. (Copyright PRO-ED).
    
    
    
    
90. Timler GR, Olswang LB, Coggins TE. (2005)
    "Do I know what I need to do?" A social communication intervention for children with complex clinical profiles. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. 2005;36::73-85. (Copyright American Speech-Language-Hearing Association).
    
    
    
91. Thorne JD. (2010)
    Tallying reference errors in narratives: Integrative language function, impairment, and FASDs. Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington.
    
    
    
92. Thorne JD, Coggins TE (2016)
    Cohesive referencing errors during narrative production as clinical evidence of central nervous system abnormality in school-aged children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. AJSLP 1-15, 2016 (Copyright AJSLP).
    
    
    
93. Thorne JC, Coggins TE. (2008)
    A diagnostically promising technique for tallying nominal reference errors in the narratives of school-aged children with Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Int J Lang Comm Dis. 2008;43(5):570-594. (Copyright Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists).
    
    
    
    
94. Thorne JC, Coggins TE, Olson HC, Astley SJ. (2007)
    Exploring the utility of narrative analysis in diagnostic decision making: picture-bound reference, elaboration, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. J Speech, Language and Hearing Research 2007;50:459-474. (Copyright Am Speech-Language-Hearing Association).
    
    
    
95. Thorne JC. (2010)
    Tallying reference errors in narratives: Integrative language function, impairment, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Doctoral Dissertation. Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle WA.
    
    
    

96. Ulleland CN. (1972)
    The Offspring of Alcoholic Mothers. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, 1972;197:167-169. (Copyright New York Academy of Sciences).
    
    
    
    
97. Ulleland, Christy N; Wennberg, Richard P; Igo, Robert P; Smith, Nathan J. (1970)
    The Offspring of Alcoholic Mothers. American Pediatric Society and Society for Pediatric Research, 1970. Page 93.
    
    This abstract was accepted for presentation by Dr. Ulleland at the Annual Meeting of the American Pediatric Society-Society for Pediatric Research, held in Atlantic City New Jersey in 1970. This abstract was printed (not published) in the Abstract Issue distributed at the meeting, therefore it cannot be found through a medline search. The Society for Pediatric Research provided us with this copy from their archives.
    
    
    
98. Washington State Developmental Disabilities Administration (2015)
    Acceptance of FASD for Determination of Eligibility for "Another neurological or other condition similar to Intellectual Disability".
    
    
    
99. Washington State Developmental Disabilities Administration (2022)
    House Bill 2008 eliminating the use of intelligence quotient scores in determining eligibility for programs and services for individuals with developmental disabilities.
    

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